{"id":27,"date":"2023-09-14T02:10:28","date_gmt":"2023-09-14T02:10:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/harvard-open-data-project.local\/?page_id=27"},"modified":"2023-09-14T02:10:29","modified_gmt":"2023-09-14T02:10:29","slug":"data-wrangling-with-r","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/harvard-open-data-project.local\/data-wrangling-with-r\/","title":{"rendered":"Data Wrangling with R"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>R is a powerful, open-source programming language designed particularly for statistical analysis and data visualization. It&#8217;s built with statistical terminology in mind, making it a popular choice for data scientists and statisticians. This guide will walk you through the basics of data wrangling with R &#8211; from installing RStudio to cleaning datasets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Installing RStudio and Setup<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Before diving into data wrangling, you&#8217;ll need to install the integrated development environment (IDE) for R &#8211; RStudio.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/rstudio.com\/products\/rstudio\/download\/#download\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Download RStudio<\/a>&nbsp;and follow the on-screen instructions to set it up.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Once RStudio is installed, open it and create a new R Script document by going to &#8220;File -> New File -> R Script&#8221;. Your workspace should look something like this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/harvard-open-data-project.local\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image-1024x640.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-28\" srcset=\"http:\/\/harvard-open-data-project.local\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image-1024x640.png 1024w, http:\/\/harvard-open-data-project.local\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image-300x187.png 300w, http:\/\/harvard-open-data-project.local\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image-768x480.png 768w, http:\/\/harvard-open-data-project.local\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image-1536x960.png 1536w, http:\/\/harvard-open-data-project.local\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image-2048x1280.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In RStudio, you&#8217;re primarily working with four panels:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The&nbsp;<strong>Code Editor<\/strong>&nbsp;(top left) is where you write and save your R code.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The&nbsp;<strong>Environment<\/strong>&nbsp;tab (top right) shows the variables\/objects you have defined in your current environment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The&nbsp;<strong>Console<\/strong>&nbsp;tab (bottom left) is the R Console where you can write out R commands and see the results of all R code processed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The&nbsp;<strong>Files<\/strong>&nbsp;tab (bottom right) shows files in your working directory, the &#8220;Plots&#8221; tab shows any plots you&#8217;ve created in your R session, and the &#8220;Packages&#8221; tab shows the R packages available to you.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Basics of R<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Simple Calculations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>R can perform simple math calculations, both directly in the console and as part of your script. The basic operators are: + (addition), &#8211; (subtraction), * (multiplication), \/ (division), ^ (exponentiation), and %% (modulo). For example,&nbsp;<code>(4 - 6 \/ 3) * 7 ^ 2<\/code>&nbsp;would output 98.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>rCopy<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-1\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PHP\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"php\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-php\">(<span class=\"hljs-number\">4<\/span> - <span class=\"hljs-number\">6<\/span> \/ <span class=\"hljs-number\">3<\/span>) * <span class=\"hljs-number\">7<\/span> ^ <span class=\"hljs-number\">2<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-comment\"># Output: &#91;1] 98<\/span>\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-1\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PHP<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">php<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>R also includes built-in basic math functions, including&nbsp;<code>abs(x)<\/code>,&nbsp;<code>sqrt(x)<\/code>,&nbsp;<code>log10(x)<\/code>,&nbsp;<code>cos(x)<\/code>,&nbsp;<code>sin(x)<\/code>, and&nbsp;<code>tan(x)<\/code>. A full list can be found&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rdocumentation.org\/packages\/base\/versions\/3.6.2\/topics\/is.function\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Variables<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A variable stores a value in memory. In R, we use the &#8216;&lt;-&#8216; symbol to assign a value to a variable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>rCopy<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><span><code class=\"hljs\">year &lt;- 2020\n<\/code><\/span><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Variable names must begin either with a letter or a period and can include any combination of letters, numbers, periods, and underscores; no other special characters or symbols may be used. Remember, R is case-sensitive, so name and access your variables accordingly!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Basic Data Types<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Variables can have different types. In R, there are three basic data types: numeric, character, and logical.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Numeric types can store integers or floats (numbers involving decimals).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>rCopy<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-2\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PHP\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"php\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-php\">year &lt;- <span class=\"hljs-number\">2020<\/span>  <span class=\"hljs-comment\"># Numeric type<\/span>\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-2\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PHP<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">php<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Character types can be created with either single- or double-quotes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>rCopy<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-3\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PHP\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"php\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-php\">x &lt;- <span class=\"hljs-string\">\"HODP is life\"<\/span>  <span class=\"hljs-comment\"># Character type<\/span>\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-3\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PHP<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">php<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Logical types can store either TRUE or FALSE.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>rCopy<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-4\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PHP\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"php\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-php\">y &lt;- <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">TRUE<\/span>  <span class=\"hljs-comment\"># Logical type<\/span>\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-4\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PHP<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">php<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Data Structures in R<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>From these basic data types, we can start to build more complex structures in R.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vectors<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A vector contains elements all of the same data type. Vectors are created by wrapping elements inside&nbsp;<code>c()<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>rCopy<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-5\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PHP\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"php\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-php\">my.vector &lt;- c(<span class=\"hljs-string\">\"HODP\"<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">\"is\"<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">\"life\"<\/span>)  <span class=\"hljs-comment\"># Vector of character types<\/span>\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-5\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PHP<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">php<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lists<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A list contains elements of multiple data types. Lists are created by wrapping elements inside&nbsp;<code>list()<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>rCopy<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-6\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PHP\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"php\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-php\">my.<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">list<\/span> &lt;- <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">list<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FALSE<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">3<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">\"HODP\"<\/span>)  <span class=\"hljs-comment\"># List with numeric, character, and logical types<\/span>\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-6\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PHP<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">php<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Factors<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A factor represents the categories present in a vector. Factors can be created by wrapping a vector inside&nbsp;<code>factor()<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>rCopy<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-7\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PHP\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"php\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-php\">my.factor &lt;- factor(c(<span class=\"hljs-string\">\"HODP\"<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">\"data\"<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">\"data\"<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">\"HODP\"<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">\"life\"<\/span>))  <span class=\"hljs-comment\"># Factor<\/span>\nlevels(my.factor)\n<span class=\"hljs-comment\"># Output: &#91;1] \"HODP\" \"data\" \"life\"<\/span>\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-7\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PHP<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">php<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Matrices<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A matrix is a vector represented in a two-dimensional rectangular format. Matrices can be created by wrapping a vector inside&nbsp;<code>matrix()<\/code>&nbsp;and specifying the dimensions of the matrix.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>rCopy<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-8\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PHP\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"php\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-php\">my.matrix &lt;- matrix(c(<span class=\"hljs-string\">\"H\"<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">\"O\"<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">\"D\"<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">\"P\"<\/span>), nrow = <span class=\"hljs-number\">2<\/span>, ncol = <span class=\"hljs-number\">2<\/span>)  <span class=\"hljs-comment\"># 2x2 matrix<\/span>\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-8\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PHP<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">php<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Arrays<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>An array extends the idea of a matrix into multiple dimensions. Arrays can be created by wrapping a vector inside&nbsp;<code>array()<\/code>and specifying the dimensions of the array.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>rCopy<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-9\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PHP\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"php\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-php\">my.<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">array<\/span> &lt;- <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">array<\/span>(c(<span class=\"hljs-string\">\"H\"<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">\"O\"<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">\"D\"<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">\"P\"<\/span>), dim = c(<span class=\"hljs-number\">2<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">2<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">3<\/span>))  <span class=\"hljs-comment\"># 2x2x3 array<\/span>\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-9\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PHP<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">php<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Data Frames<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A data frame is like a table with rows and columns. Each column can be of different data types (numeric, character, or logical), but all elements within a column must be of the same type. You can create a data frame using the&nbsp;<code>data.frame()<\/code>&nbsp;function.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>rCopy<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-10\" data-shcb-language-name=\"HTML, XML\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"xml\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-xml\">df <span class=\"hljs-tag\">&lt;<span class=\"hljs-name\">-<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-attr\">data.frame<\/span>(\n  <span class=\"hljs-attr\">Name<\/span> = <span class=\"hljs-string\">c(<\/span>\"<span class=\"hljs-attr\">Alice<\/span>\", \"<span class=\"hljs-attr\">Bob<\/span>\", \"<span class=\"hljs-attr\">Carol<\/span>\"),\n  <span class=\"hljs-attr\">Age<\/span> = <span class=\"hljs-string\">c(24,<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-attr\">27<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-attr\">22<\/span>),\n  <span class=\"hljs-attr\">Salary<\/span> = <span class=\"hljs-string\">c(50000,<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-attr\">54000<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-attr\">58000<\/span>)\n)\n<\/span><\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-10\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">HTML, XML<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">xml<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Data Wrangling with R<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Now that we&#8217;ve covered the basics, let&#8217;s delve into the actual process of data wrangling with R. Data wrangling involves cleaning and transforming raw data into a more suitable, easy-to-analyze format. It&#8217;s an essential step before performing any data analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Loading Data<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The first step in data wrangling is to load the data into R. The&nbsp;<code>read.csv()<\/code>&nbsp;function is commonly used to read CSV files. Remember to set the&nbsp;<code>stringsAsFactors<\/code>&nbsp;argument to&nbsp;<code>FALSE<\/code>&nbsp;to prevent R from converting strings to factors automatically.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>rCopy<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-11\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PHP\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"php\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-php\">data &lt;- read.csv(<span class=\"hljs-string\">\"data.csv\"<\/span>, stringsAsFactors = <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FALSE<\/span>)\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-11\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PHP<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">php<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Inspecting Data<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Once the data is loaded, use the&nbsp;<code>head()<\/code>,&nbsp;<code>tail()<\/code>,&nbsp;<code>str()<\/code>, and&nbsp;<code>summary()<\/code>&nbsp;functions to inspect the structure and summary statistics of your data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>rCopy<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-12\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PHP\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"php\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-php\">head(data)  <span class=\"hljs-comment\"># Displays the first 6 rows<\/span>\ntail(data)  <span class=\"hljs-comment\"># Displays the last 6 rows<\/span>\nstr(data)   <span class=\"hljs-comment\"># Displays the structure<\/span>\nsummary(data)  <span class=\"hljs-comment\"># Displays summary statistics<\/span>\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-12\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PHP<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">php<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cleaning Data<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Data cleaning involves handling missing values, removing duplicates, and correcting inconsistent data types. The&nbsp;<code>is.na()<\/code>,&nbsp;<code>na.omit()<\/code>,&nbsp;<code>duplicated()<\/code>, and&nbsp;<code>as.character()<\/code>&nbsp;functions can be used for these tasks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>rCopy<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-13\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PHP\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"php\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-php\"><span class=\"hljs-comment\"># Check for missing values<\/span>\nis.na(data)\n\n<span class=\"hljs-comment\"># Remove rows with missing values<\/span>\ndata &lt;- na.omit(data)\n\n<span class=\"hljs-comment\"># Check for duplicates<\/span>\nduplicated(data)\n\n<span class=\"hljs-comment\"># Convert a factor to character<\/span>\ndata$column &lt;- <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">as<\/span>.character(data$column)\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-13\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PHP<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">php<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Transforming Data<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Transforming data involves reshaping data, combining datasets, and creating new variables. The&nbsp;<code>merge()<\/code>,&nbsp;<code>rbind()<\/code>,&nbsp;<code>cbind()<\/code>,&nbsp;<code>melt()<\/code>, and&nbsp;<code>dcast()<\/code>&nbsp;functions can be used for these tasks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>rCopy<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-14\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PHP\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"php\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-php\"><span class=\"hljs-comment\"># Merge two data frames<\/span>\nmerged_data &lt;- merge(data1, data2, by = <span class=\"hljs-string\">\"ID\"<\/span>)\n\n<span class=\"hljs-comment\"># Add new rows<\/span>\ncombined_data &lt;- rbind(data1, data2)\n\n<span class=\"hljs-comment\"># Add new columns<\/span>\ncombined_data &lt;- cbind(data1, data2)\n\n<span class=\"hljs-comment\"># Reshape data from wide to long<\/span>\nmelted_data &lt;- melt(data, id.vars = <span class=\"hljs-string\">\"ID\"<\/span>)\n\n<span class=\"hljs-comment\"># Reshape data from long to wide<\/span>\nreshaped_data &lt;- dcast(melted_data, formula)\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-14\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PHP<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">php<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>These are the basic steps involved in data wrangling with R. Keep in mind that the exact steps can vary depending on the specific dataset and the analysis you plan to perform. Happy wrangling!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>R is a powerful, open-source programming language designed particularly for statistical analysis and data visualization. It&#8217;s built with statistical terminology in mind, making it a popular choice for data scientists and statisticians. This guide will walk you through the basics of data wrangling with R &#8211; from installing RStudio to cleaning datasets. Installing RStudio and &#8230; <a title=\"Data Wrangling with R\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"http:\/\/harvard-open-data-project.local\/data-wrangling-with-r\/\" aria-label=\"More on Data Wrangling with R\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/harvard-open-data-project.local\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/harvard-open-data-project.local\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/harvard-open-data-project.local\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/harvard-open-data-project.local\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/harvard-open-data-project.local\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/harvard-open-data-project.local\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29,"href":"http:\/\/harvard-open-data-project.local\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27\/revisions\/29"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/harvard-open-data-project.local\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}